((P.)) ((CraigJ.)) ((HaslettMark)) ((MonmonierAntony)) ((UnwinGraham)) ((Wills)) returned 298 hits

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1
Authors: P. Craig & J. Haslett & Mark Monmonier (1943-) & Antony Unwin & Graham Wills
Statistical graphics interactively linked to map displays
Category: Cartography
2
Authors: Antony Unwin & Graham Wills
Interactive graphics for multiple time series with direct manipulation (zoom, rescale, overlaying, etc.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
3
Author: E. P. Cubberly (1900s)
Annual college course in statistical graphical methods
Category: Statistics & Graphics
4
Author: Vincent P. Barabba (1934-)
Revival of statistical graphics innovation, use by U.S. Bureau of the Census
Category: Statistics & Graphics
5
Author: Martin F. P. Costelloe
College course in statistical graphic methods, "The Graphic Method'' (possibly the first)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
6
Authors: Gaspard Monge Comte de Péluse (1746-1818)
Development of descriptive geometry, that leads to engineering drawing
Category: Statistics & Graphics
7
Authors: Herman P. Friedman (c. 1930-2010) & R. M. Goldwyn (1936-1994) & J. H. Siegel
Irregular polygon ("star plot'') to represent multivariate data (with vertices at equally spaced intervals, distance from center proportional to the value of a variable) [but see Georg von Mayr in 1877 cite[S. 78]{vonMayr:1877} for first use]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
8
Author: Phillippe Buache (1700-1733)
Contour map
Category: Cartography
9
Author: Thomas Bayes (1702-1761)
Graph of the beta density
Category: Statistics & Graphics
10
Author: Marcellin du Carla-Boniface (1700s)
First topographical map
Category: Cartography
11
Author: Jacob Cristoph Le Blon (1667-1741)
Invention of three-color printing
Category: Technology
12
Author: Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
First text on probability
Category: Statistics & Graphics
13
Authors: Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) & Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Initial statements of the theory of probability
Category: Statistics & Graphics
14
Author: American Statistical Association (1839-)
Creation of a standing committee on graphics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
15
Author: Hans Rosling (1948-)
The moving buble chart.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
16
Authors: Johann Peter Süssmilch (1707-1767)
Beginnings of the study of population statistics (demography)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
17
Author: Johann Friedrich von Charpentier (1738-1805)
Geological map (distribution of soils, minerals)
Category: Cartography
18
Author: August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome (1753-1833)
Superimposed squares to compare areas (of European states)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
19
Author: William Playfair (1759-1823)
Bar chart, line graphs of economic data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
20
Author: Nicolaus Samuel Cruquius (1678-1754)
Abstract line graph (of barometric observations), not analyzed
Category: Statistics & Graphics
21
Author: Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754)
The normal distribution, derived as the limit of the binomial distribution
Category: Other
22
Author: Georg Joachim Rheticus (1514-1574)
Trigonometric tables (published 1596 posthumously)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
23
Author: Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598)
The first modern atlas, Teatrum Orbis Terrarum
Category: Cartography
24
Author: John Napier (1550-1617)
Invention of logarithms, and the first published tables of logarithms.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
25
Author: Unknown
The oldest known map? (There are several claimants for this honor.)
Category: Cartography
26
Author: John Bailey Peddle (1868-1933)
Textbook in English devoted exclusively to statistical graphics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
27
Author: Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (1889-1982)
Invention of the iconoscope television camera-tube
Category: Technology
28
Author: William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882)
Published instructions on how to use graph paper
Category: Technology
29
Author: International Statistical Institute (1885-)
First international statistics conference (organized by Quetelet)
Category: Other
30
Author: William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882)
Semilogarithmic grid (showing percentage changes in commodities)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
31
Authors: Émile Levasseur (1828-1911)
Statistical diagrams used in a school textbook
Category: Statistics & Graphics
32
Author: Unknown
Congressional appropriation for graphical treatment of statistics
Category: Other
33
Author: Heinz Von Foerster (1911-2002)
Table of historical events drawn on logarithmic paper
Category: Statistics & Graphics
34
Author: Edgar Anderson (1897-1969)
Circular glyphs, with rays to represent multivariate data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
35
Author: Herman Chernoff (1923-)
Cartoons of human face to represent multivariate data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
36
Author: Alfred Inselberg (1936-)
Parallel coordinates plots for high-dimensional data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
37
Authors: Andreas Buja (1951-) & Catherine Hurley
Grand tours combined with multivariate analysis
Category: Statistics & Graphics
38
Authors: Paul A. Tukey & John W. Tukey (1915-2000)
Textured dot strips to display empirical distributions
Category: Statistics & Graphics
39
Author: Edward Wegman (1943-)
Statistical theory and methods for parallel coordinates plots
Category: Statistics & Graphics
40
Author: Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)
Curve-fitting and interpolation from empirical data points
Category: Other
41
Author: Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)
Repeated systematic application of graphical analysis (line graphs applied to empirical measurements)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
42
Author: Luke Howard (1772-1864)
Use of coordinate paper in published research (graph of barometric variations)
Category: Technology
43
Author: William Playfair (1759-1823)
Invention of the pie chart, and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations
Category: Statistics & Graphics
44
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
First use of areas of rectangles to display probabilities of independent binary events
Category: Statistics & Graphics
45
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
First known weather map, showing prevailing winds on a geographical map of the Earth
Category: Cartography
46
Author: Nicolas of Cusa (1401-1464)
Graphs of distance vs. speed, presumably of the theoretical relation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
47
Author: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Use of rectangular coordinates to analyze velocity of falling objects
Category: Statistics & Graphics
48
Author: Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594)
Invention of cylindrical projection for portraying the globe on maps, to preserve straightness of rhumb lines
Category: Cartography
49
Author: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Discovery of isosynchronous property of the pendulum (to be used for clocks and measurement)
Category: Technology
50
Author: Christopher Scheiner (1575-1650)
The pantograph was invented for mechanically copying a figure on an enlarged or reduced scale
Category: Technology
51
Author: Eratosthenes (276BC-194BC)
Calculation of the diameter of the earth by measuring noontime shadows at sites 800 km. apart
Category: Statistics & Graphics
52
Author: Michael George Mulhall (1836-1900)
Pictogram, used to represent data by icons proportional to a number
Category: Statistics & Graphics
53
Author: Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)
Social data, diagrams, including regional survey, incorporated in museum
Category: Statistics & Graphics
54
Author: Allen Hazen (1869-1930)
Arithmetic probability paper, ruled so that normal ogive appears as straight line
Category: Technology
55
Author: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1880-)
Published standards for graphical presentation (by representatives from several scientific societies)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
56
Author: Henry Laurence Gantt (1861-1919)
Gantt chart, designed to show scheduled and actual progress of projects
Category: Statistics & Graphics
57
Author: Walter A. Shewhart (1891-1967)
Development of the control chart for statistical control of industrial processes
Category: Statistics & Graphics
58
Author: Georg von Mayr (1841-1925)
First use of proportional, divided square in the modern (mosaic) form for data representation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
59
Author: Georg von Mayr (1841-1925)
First use of polar diagrams and star plots for data representation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
60
Author: Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)
First attempt to survey, describe, and illustrate available graphic methods for experimental data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
61
Author: Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)
Mortality curves drawn from empirical data (for Belgium and France)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
62
Author: Alexandre Jean Baptiste Parent-Duchatelet (1790-1836)
Extensive data tabulation, time series, and mapping of prostitutes in Paris
Category: Statistics & Graphics
63
Authors: Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre (1787-1851)
Invention of the first practical photographic process, using coated plates of metal and glass
Category: Technology
64
Authors: Léon Lalanne (1811-1892)
Use of polar coordinates in a graph(frequency of wind directions)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
65
Authors: James Cowles Pritchard (1786-1848) & Alexander Keith Johnston (1804-1871)
Ethnographic maps showing distribution of ethnic groups throughout the world
Category: Cartography
66
Author: Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870)
Map incorporating statistical diagrams: circles proportional to coal production (published in 1861)
Category: Cartography
67
Author: Unknown
Discussion of standardization and classification of graphical methods at the Third International Statistical Congress
Category: Other
68
Author: Unknown
Exhibition display of graphs and cartograms. Third International Statistical Congress
Category: Statistics & Graphics
69
Author: Leon Montigny (1847-1899)
Election map of Paris, showing the breakdown of votes by parties
Category: Cartography
70
Author: Walter C. Eells
Experimental test of statistical graphical forms (pie vs. subdivided bar charts)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
71
Authors: R. von Huhn & J. N. Washburne & F. E. Croxton
Spate of articles on experimental tests of statistical graphical forms
Category: Statistics & Graphics
72
Authors: R. von Huhn & J. N. Washburne & F. E. Croxton
Spate of articles on experimental tests of statistical graphical forms
Category: Statistics & Graphics
73
Author: Lawrence Joseph Henderson (1878-1942)
Nomogram of chemical concentrations in blood, showing the relations among over 20 components
Category: Statistics & Graphics
74
Author: Henry C. Beck (1902-1974)
Re-design of the routes of the London underground rail system to favor usability
Category: Cartography
75
Author: Howard Gray Funkhouser (1898-1984)
First modern review of the early history of statistical graphics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
76
Author: John W. Tukey (1915-2000)
Beginnings of EDA: improvements on histogram in analysis of counts, tail values (hanging rootogram)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
77
Authors: R. Pickett & B. W. White
Triangular glyphs to represent simultaneously four variables, using sides and orientation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
78
Author: Jacques Bertin (1918-2010)
Comprehensive theory of graphical symbols and modes of graphics representation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
79
Author: Roberto Bachi (1909-1995)
Systematic "graphical rational patterns'' for statistical presentation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
80
Author: George Barnard (1915-2002)
Suggestion for displaying five variables by means of movements on a CRT
Category: Technology
81
Author: Albert D. Biderman (1923-2003)
Proposal to use statistical graphics in social indicator reporting, particularly on television
Category: Statistics & Graphics
82
Author: David F. Andrews
Form of Fourier series to generate plots of multivariate data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
83
Author: Office of Management and Budget (1970-)
USA Government chartbook devoted exclusively to reporting social indicator statistics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
84
Author: Howard Wainer (1943-)
Comparative experimental test of histogram, hanging histogram and hanging rootogram
Category: Statistics & Graphics
85
Authors: Beat Kleiner & William S. Cleveland
Enhancement of scatterplot with plots of three moving statistics (midmean and lower and upper semimidmean)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
86
Author: Andrew S. C. Ehrenberg (1926-2010)
Experimental tests of statistical graphics vs tables, findings favoring latter
Category: Statistics & Graphics
87
Authors: Beat Kleiner & John Hartigan (1937-)
Mosaic display to represent frequencies in a multiway contingency table
Category: Statistics & Graphics
88
Authors: Hans Riedwyl (1935-2001) & Michel Schüpbach
Sieve diagram, for representing frequencies in a two-way contingency table
Category: Statistics & Graphics
89
Authors: William S. Cleveland & Richard A. Becker (1887-1955)
Interactive statistical graphics, systematized: allowing brushing, linking, other forms of interaction
Category: Statistics & Graphics
90
Author: Luke Tierney (1954-)
Lisp-Stat, an object-oriented environment for statistical computing and dynamic graphics
Category: Technology
91
Author: Niels Keiding (1944-)
Lexis pencil: display of multivariate data in the context of life-history
Category: Statistics & Graphics
92
Author: Michael Friendly (1945-)
Beginnings of the general extension of graphical methods to categorical (frequency) data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
93
Author: John Adams (1650-1738)
A map of England showing distances between cities arranged for the use of travellers.
Category: Cartography
94
Author: Herman Helmholtz (1821-1894)
Discovery of time course of muscle action and nerve impulses by graphical methods.
Category: Technology
95
Authors: Office of Management and Budget (1970-) & U.S. Bureau of the Census (1903-)
Monthly chartbook (eventually computer-generated) to brief U.S. President, Vice President on economic and social matters (StatUS)  
Category: Statistics & Graphics
96
Author: Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)
Introduction of a notation which gives a name and address to every possible point in 3D space, $(x,y,z)$.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
97
Author: Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)
Graphical analysis of periodic variation (in soil temperature), and the first semi-graphic display combining tabular and graphical formats
Category: Statistics & Graphics
98
Author: August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome (1753-1833)
Statistical map of production in Europe, possibly the first economic and thematic map (shows geographic distribution of 56 commodities produced in Europe)
Category: Cartography
99
Author: Charles de Fourcroy (1766-c.1810)
Use of geometric, proportional figures (squares) to compare demographic quantities by superposition, an early "tableau graphique''
Category: Statistics & Graphics
100
Author: Ernest Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827)
Visualization of vibration patterns (by spreading a uniform layer of sand on a disk, and observing displacement when vibration is applied)
Category: Other
101
Author: Dr. Buxton (1700s)
Patenting and sale of printed graph paper, printed with a rectangular coordinate grid, attests to the growing use of Cartesian coordinates
Category: Technology
102
Authors: Louis Ézéchiel Pouchet (1748-1809)
Multi-number graphical calculation (proto-nomogram: contours applied to multiplication table, later rectified by Lalanne cite{Lalanne:1846})
Category: Statistics & Graphics
103
Author: Valentine Seaman (1770-1817)
First maps of the incidence of disease (yellow fever), using dots and circles to show individual occurrences in waterfront areas of New York
Category: Cartography
104
Author: Alexander Keith
Idea for continuous log of automatically recorded time series graphs (of temperature and barometric pressure), also recording the maximum and minimum
Category: Statistics & Graphics
105
Author: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
Methods of determining an orbit from at least three observations; presentation of the least squares method
Category: Statistics & Graphics
106
Author: Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)
Charts using subdivided bar graphs, and superimposed squares, showing the relative size of Mexican territories and populations in the colonies
Category: Statistics & Graphics
107
Author: Benjamin Gompertz (1779-1865)
Gompertz curve, derived to describe expected mortality statistics for a population of organisms whose probability of death increases as a function of time
Category: Statistics & Graphics
108
Author: Johann Heinrich Schulze (1687-1687)
Experiments paving the way to the development of photography: Images obtained by action of light on a mixture of chalk, nitric acid, and silver salts
Category: Technology
109
Author: Johann Heinrich Schulze (1687-1687)
Experiments paving the way to the development of photography: Images obtained by action of light on a mixture of chalk, nitric acid, and silver salts
Category: Technology
110
Author: Christopher Wren (1632-1723)
Automatic recording device (the weather clock) producing a moving graph of temperature and wind direction (in polar coordinates)
Category: Technology
111
Author: Jean Talon (1626-1694)
First modern complete demographic census, a record of each individual by name of the 3215 inhabitants of New France
Category: Statistics & Graphics
112
Author: Jan de Witt (1625-1672)
First attempt to determine scientifically what should be the purchase price of annuities, using mortality tables
Category: Statistics & Graphics
113
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
Bivariate plot of a theoretical curve derived from observations (barometric pressure vs. altitude), graphical analysis based on empirical data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
114
Author: Ramon Llull (1235-1316)
Mechanical diagrams of knowledge, as aids to reasoning (served as an inspiration to Leibnitz in the development of symbolic logic)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
115
Author: Abraham Cresques (1325-1387)
Catalan Atlas, an exquisitely beautiful visual cosmography, perpetual calendar, and thematic representation of the known world
Category: Cartography
116
Author: Johann Gutenberg (1398-1468)
Invention of moveable type printing press, and printing of the Mazarin bible (leads to a decline in the use of mixed text and graphics)
Category: Technology
117
Author: Regnier Gemma-Frisius (1508-1555)
Theoretical description of how longitude may be determined using difference of times by a clock and the associated observed change in star positions (not implemented)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
118
Author: Regnier Gemma-Frisius (1508-1555)
Description of how to determine mapping locations by triangulation, from similar triangles, and with use of angles w.r.t meridians
Category: Statistics & Graphics
119
Author: Regnier Gemma-Frisius (1508-1555)
The first published illustration of a camera obscura, used to record an eclipse of the sun, on January 24, 1544.
Category: Technology
120
Author: Willebrord van Roijen Snell (1580-1626)
First use of Frisius' method of trigonometric triangulation to produce locations of major cities in Holland; foundation of geodesy
Category: Statistics & Graphics
121
Authors: René Descartes (1596-1650) & Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665)
Coordinate system reintroduced in mathematics, analytic geometry; relationship established between graphed line and equation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
122
Author: Michael F. van Langren (1598-1675)
First visual representation of statistical data: variations in determination of longitude between Toledo and Rome
Category: Statistics & Graphics
123
Author: Unknown
Invention of parchment. Parchment was superior to papyrus because it could be printed on both sides and folded.
Category: Technology
124
Author: Tsai Lun (50AD-121AD)
Invention of paper, replacing (somewhat later) writing and other inscriptions on wood, cloth, stone, etc.
Category: Technology
125
Author: Claudius Ptolemy (c.85-c.165)
Map projections of a spherical earth and use of latitude and longitude to characterize position (first display of longitude)
Category: Cartography
126
Author: Unknown
Earliest known attempt to show changing values graphically (positions of the sun, moon, and planets throughout the year)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
127
Author: Ramon Llull (1235-1316)
Triangular diagrams of paired comparisons for electoral systems (how to elect a Pope or Mother Superior, when all the candidates are voting)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
128
Author: Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)
Statistical reasoning employed to create a new system of bodily measurement, specifically for identifying criminals
Category: Statistics & Graphics
129
Author: Herman Hollerith (1860-1929)
Invention of the punched card for use in a machine to tabulate the USA Census (in 1890). Hollerith's company eventually became IBM
Category: Technology
130
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Idea for "log-square'' paper, ruled so that normal probability curve appears as a straight line
Category: Technology
131
Author: Max Otto Lorenz (1876-1959)
Lorenz curve (cumulative distribution by rank order, to facilitate study of concentrations, income distribution)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
132
Author: Unknown
Statistical diagrams begin to appear regularly in USA textbooks (graphs of temperature, population in texts of arithmetic, algebra)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
133
Author: Willard Cope Brinton (1880-1957)
Pictograms to represent a series of numbers by icons (combining concepts of the bar graph and pictogram of varying size)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
134
Author: Sewall Wright (1889-1988)
Invention of the path diagram to show relations among a network of endogenous and exogenous variables forming a system of structural equations
Category: Statistics & Graphics
135
Author: Otto Neurath (1882-1945)
Museum of Social Statistical Graphics and the ISOTYPE system (International System of Typographic Picture Education)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
136
Author: Luigi Perozzo (1856-1916)
Stereogram (three-dimensional population pyramid) modeled on actual data (Swedish census, 1750--1875)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
137
Author: John Venn (1834-1923)
Representation of logical propositions and relations diagrammatically. [Actually, Liebnitz and, to some degree, Euler had used such diagrams previously.]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
138
Author: Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)
Invention of precursor of motion-picture camera, recording a series of photographs to study fight of birds, running and walking
Category: Technology
139
Author: Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)
Recording of motion (of a running horse) by means of a set of glass-plate cameras, triggered by strings
Category: Technology
140
Author: Toussaint Loua (1824-1907)
First-known use of a semi-graphic table to display a data table by shading levels
Category: Statistics & Graphics
141
Authors: Louis-Léger Vauthier (1815-1881)
Population contour map (population density shown by contours), the first statistical use of a contour map
Category: Cartography
142
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Galton's first semi-graphic scatterplot and correlation diagram, of head size and height, from his notebook on Special Peculiarities
Category: Statistics & Graphics
143
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Galton's first illustration of the idea of correlation, using sizes of the seeds of mother and daughter plants
Category: Statistics & Graphics
144
Authors: André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
Polar-area charts (predating those by Florence Nightingale cite{Nightingale:1857}), showing frequency of events for cyclic phenomena
Category: Statistics & Graphics
145
Author: Armand Joseph Frere de Montizon (1788-)
First simple dot map of population by department, 1 dot = 10,000 people
Category: Cartography
146
Author: George Julius Poulett Scrope (1797-1876)
First classed depiction of population density on a world map (using three broad classes in a dasymetric map)
Category: Cartography
147
Author: Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875)
Invention of the stereoscope, revealing the dependence of visual depth perception upon binocular vision, and allowing production of stereoscopic images
Category: Technology
148
Authors: Adolphe d' Angeville (1796-1856)
First broad and general application of principles of graphic representation to national industrial and population data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
149
Author: Henry Drury Harness (1804-1883)
First published flow maps, showing transportation by means of shaded lines, widths proportional to amount (passengers)
Category: Cartography
150
Authors: Pierre-François Verhulst (1804-1849)
Development of the logistic curve, $ y = k / (1 + C e^{rt})$, to describe the growth of human populations
Category: Statistics & Graphics
151
Authors: Léon Lalanne (1811-1892)
Contour map of a 3D table, temperature x hour x month (published in 1845)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
152
Authors: Léon Lalanne (1811-1892)
Logarithmic grid (the first log-log plot, as a nomogram for showing products from the factors)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
153
Author: Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)
Results of sampling from urns shown as symmetrical histograms, with limiting "curve of possibility'' (later called the normal curve)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
154
Author: Unknown
Statistical graphics used in a lawsuit. (Reported by Ernst Engel at the 7th meetings of the International Statistical Congress, 1869, The Hague
Category: Statistics & Graphics
155
Author: John Snow (1813-1858)
Use of a dot map to display epidemiological data, leads to discovery of the source of a cholera epidemic.
Category: Cartography
156
Author: Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Polar area charts, known as "coxcombs'' (used in a campaign to improve sanitary conditions of army)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
157
Author: James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
Invention of the trichromatic process for making color photographs, by taking three monochrome images through red, green and blue filters
Category: Technology
158
Author: Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)
The periodic table used to classify chemical elements according to their properties, and allowing the prediction of new elements that would be discovered later.
Category: Other
159
Author: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1903-)
Use of statistical graphics by USA Government in census reports (cartograms of data from Ninth Census)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
160
Author: Edgar Anderson (1897-1969)
Ideograph, a multivariate rectangular glyph, invented to display four variables and their relations (length and width of petals and sepals in iris flowers)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
161
Authors: D. H. Leavens & F. C. Martin
"Log Square'' paper ($log y, log x$, for relations which are linear in log scales)
Category: Technology
162
Author: Unknown
Standard statistical symbols (Neurath's Isotype method) established by government decree (for schools, public posters, etc.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
163
Author: John Backus (1924-2007)
Creation of Fortran, the Formula Translation language for the IBM 704 computer. This was the first high-level language for computing.
Category: Technology
164
Author: Joseph B. Kruskal (1929-2010)
Beginnings of modern dynamic statistical graphics (a 1 minute movie of the iterative process of finding a multidimensional scaling solution)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
165
Author: Office of Management and Budget (1970-)
Weekly chartbook (eventually computer-generated) to brief U.S. President, Vice President on economic and social matters
Category: Statistics & Graphics
166
Author: Stephen E. Fienberg (1942-)
"Four-Fold Circular Display'' to represent 2 x 2 table
Category: Statistics & Graphics
167
Authors: Herman Chernoff (1923-) & M. H. Rizvi
Experiment showing random permutations of features used in Chernoff's faces affect error rate of classification by about 25 percent
Category: Statistics & Graphics
168
Author: John Hartigan (1937-)
Scatterplot matrix, the idea of plotting all pairwise scatterplots for n variables in a tabular display
Category: Statistics & Graphics
169
Authors: Mark Reiser & Howard Wainer (1943-)
"Cartesian rectangle'' to represent 2 x 2 table, experimentally tested against other forms
Category: Statistics & Graphics
170
Author: American Statistical Association (1839-)
Ad Hoc Committee on Statistical Graphics, leading to the ASA Section on Statistical Graphics, later to the Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
171
Author: Mark Monmonier (1943-)
Geographic correlation diagram, showing the bivariate relation between two spatially referenced variables using vectors to represent geographic covariation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
172
Author: John A. McDonald
Another early version of brushing, invented independently of Newton, together with a system for 3-D rotations of data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
173
Author: Daniel Asimov
Grand tour, for viewing high-dimensional data sets via a structured progression of 2D projections
Category: Statistics & Graphics
174
Author: Michael Friendly (1945-)
Mosaic display developed as a visual analysis tool for log-linear models (beginning general methods for visualizing categorical data)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
175
Author: Ben Shneiderman (1947-)
Treemaps, for space-constrained visualization of hierarchies, using nested rectangles (size proportional to some numerical measure of the node)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
176
Authors: Andreas Buja (1951-) & Deborah Swayne (1940-2006) & Di Cook (1960-) & Forrest Young (1940-2006)
A spate of development and public distribution of highly interactive systems for data analysis and visualization, e.g., XGobi, ViSta
Category: Technology
177
Author: Leland Wilkinson (1944-)
Grammar of Graphics: A comprehensive systematization of grammatical rules for data and graphs and graph algebras within an object-oriented, computational framework
Category: Statistics & Graphics
178
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Galton's 1877 (hypothetical) machine for visualizing Bayesian inference using a prior distribution.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
179
Author: Lt. Serjev (1800s)
An augmented graphic representation of a train schedule for 35 railways stations, between St. Petersburg and Moscow. This was designed by Lt. Sergev in 1854.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
180
Author: Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870)
Minard, a visual engineer, was asked to investigate the cause of the collapse of the bridge at Bourg St. Andeol on the Rhone in 1840.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
181
Authors: Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes (1777–1834)
The first weather map was invented by physicist Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes in 1816, based on data collected over several decades.
Category: Cartography
182
Author: Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)
Theory of measurement error as deviations from regular graphed line. (Lambert made the observation that "a diagram does incomparably better service here than a table.''cite[p. 204]{Tilling:1975}
Category: Statistics & Graphics
183
Author: Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)
Historical timeline (life spans of 2,000 famous people, 1200 B.C. to 1750 A.D.), quantitative comparison by means of bars
Category: Cartography
184
Authors: John Southern & James Watt (1736-1819)
Automatic recording of bivariate data (pressure vs. volume in steam engine) "Watt Indicator,'' (invention kept secret until 1822)
Category: Technology
185
Author: Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
An increasing number of scientific publications begin to contain graphs and diagrams which describe, but do not analyze, natural phenomena (magnetic variation, weather, tides, etc.)
Category: Other
186
Author: Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
Mechanical device for calculating mathematical tables (the Difference Engine) [The beginnings of computing as we know it today. The Difference Engine was steam-powered, and the size of a locomotive.]
Category: Technology
187
Author: Baron Pierre Charles Dupin (1784-1873)
Choropleth map with shadings from black to white (distribution and intensity of illiteracy in France), the first (unclassed) choropleth map, and perhaps the first modern statistical map
Category: Cartography
188
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
First real mortality tables, containing the ages at death of a stable sample of individuals under stable conditions (from Breslau Bills of Mortality)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
189
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
Contour maps showing curves of equal value (an isogonic map, lines of equal magnetic declination for the world, possibly the first contour map of a data-based variable)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
190
Author: Francis Hauksbee (1666-1713)
Literal line graph, inspired by observation of nature (section of hyperbola, formed by capillary action of colored water between two glass plates)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
191
Author: William Petty (1623-1687)
The first large scale attempt at a scientific, economic survey (of the Irish estates confiscated by Oliver Cromwell), perhaps the first econometric study, leading to development of political arithmetic
Category: Cartography
192
Author: Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
First graph of a continuous distribution function, a graph of Gaunt's life table, and a demonstration of how to find the median remaining lifetime for a person of given age
Category: Statistics & Graphics
193
Author: William Petty (1623-1687)
Use of statistics for international comparisons, e.g., London vs. Rome and London vs. Paris, compared in people, housing, hospitals, etc.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
194
Author: Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia (1499-1557)
Development of a method to fix position and survey land using compass-bearing and distance. (Tartaglia is better known for discovering a method to solve cubic equations)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
195
Author: Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576)
Liber de Ludo Alaea, a practical guide to gambling, containing the first systematic computation of probabilities; written in 1562, but not published until 1663.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
196
Author: Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Improvements in instruments for accurately measuring positions of stars and planets, providing the most accurate catalog on which later discoveries (e.g., Kepler's laws) would be based
Category: Technology
197
Author: Unknown
Tables of empirical data, published tables of numbers begin to appear. "Die Tabellen-Statistik,'' as a branch of statistics devoted to the numerical description of facts
Category: Statistics & Graphics
198
Author: Christopher Scheiner (1575-1650)
Visual representations used to chart the changes in sunspots over time. Also, the first known use of the idea of "small multiples'' to show a series of images in a coherent display
Category: Statistics & Graphics
199
Author: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Statistical analysis of observations on location of Tycho Brahe's star of 1572, based on idea that the most probable hypothesis is the one having the smallest (least absolute value) deviations
Category: Statistics & Graphics
200
Author: Hipparchus (190-120BC)
Measurement of the year with great accuracy and building of the first comprehensive star chart with 850 stars and a luminosity, or brightness, scale; discovery of the precision of the equinoxes
Category: Statistics & Graphics
201
Author: Charles Lallemand (1857-1938)
Combination of many variables into multi-function nomograms, using 3D, juxtaposition of maps, parallel coordinate and hexagonal grids (L'Abaque Triomphe)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
202
Author: Edwin A. Abbott (1838-1926)
A literary description of life in a two-dimensional world for people living in a 3D world. By analogy and extension, it suggests the possibile views of fourth and higher dimensions
Category: Other
203
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Normal correlation surface and regression, the idea that in a bivariate normal distribution, contours of equal frequency formed concentric ellipses, with the regression line connecting points of vertical tangents
Category: Statistics & Graphics
204
Author: Charles Booth (1840-1916)
Street maps of London, showing poverty and wealth by color coding, transforming existing methods of social survey and poverty mapping towards the end of the nineteenth century
Category: Cartography
205
Author: Jacques Bertillon (1851-1922)
Use of area rectangles on a map to display two variables and their product (population of arrondisements in Paris, percent foreigners; area = absolute number of foreigners)
Category: Cartography
206
Author: Employees of New York City
Parade of statistical graphics, May 17, 1913, including large graphs on horse-drawn floats, and a photograph with people arranged in a bell-shaped curve
Category: Statistics & Graphics
207
Author: Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962)
Beginnings of the development of modern statistical theory (sampling distributions (1915), randomization, likelihood (1921), small sample theory, exact distributions, analysis of variance (1925), etc.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
208
Authors: Karl G. Karsten & A. R. Palmer & A. C. Haskell
Numerous textbooks on graphics, describing principles of graphical presentation of numerical information (published at a rate of about two each year), e.g.,
Category: Statistics & Graphics
209
Author: Hermann Schwabe (1830-1875)
Classification of statistical graphical treatments by form, with consideration of appropriate uses of color, graphical elements, limitations of perception. At the 8th ISI meetings, St. Petersburg.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
210
Author: Georg von Mayr (1841-1925)
Two-variable color map (showing the joint distribution of horses (red, vertical bars) and cattle (green, horizontal bars) in Bavaria, widths of bars $sim$ animals/km$^2$)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
211
Author: Wilhelm Lexis (1837-1914)
Lexis diagram, showing relations among age, calendar time, and life spans of individuals simultaneously (but the paternity of this diagram is in dispute cite{Vandeschrick:2001})
Category: Statistics & Graphics
212
Authors: Adriano Balbi (1782-1884) & André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
The first comparative choropleth thematic maps, showing crimes against persons and crimes against property in relation to level of instruction by departments in France
Category: Cartography
213
Author: Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Graphical analysis of natural phenomena begins to appear on a regular basis in scientific publications, particularly in England. For example, in 1832, Faraday proposes pictorial representation of electric and magnetic lines of force.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
214
Authors: André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
Graphical rank lists, with lines showing shifts in rank order between categories (rank of types of crime from one age group to the next)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
215
Author: Gustav Zeuner (1828-1907)
Three-dimensional population surface or "stereogram,'' with axonometric projection to show curves of various "slices'' (sometimes known as a "Zeuner diagram)''
Category: Statistics & Graphics
216
Author: Alban William Housego Phillips (1914-1975)
The "Phillips Curve,'' a scatterplot of inflation vs. unemployment over time shows a strong inverse relation, leading to important developments in macroeconomic theory
Category: Statistics & Graphics
217
Author: John W. Tukey (1915-2000)
Graphical innovations for exploratory data analysis (stem-and-leaf, graphical lists, box-and-whisker plots, two-way and extended-fit plots, hanging and suspended rootograms)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
218
Author: E. B. Fowlkes
The first well-known direct manipulation interactive system in statistics: allowed users to interactively control a power transformation in realtime for probability plotting
Category: Technology
219
Author: George W. Furnas
Fisheye view: an idea to provide focus and greater detail in areas of interest of a large amount of information, while retaining the surrounding context in much less detail
Category: Other
220
Author: George Rorick
The USA Today color weather map begins an era of color information graphics in newspapers. Shortly, colorful visual graphics become widespread.
Category: Cartography
221
Author: Edward Tufte (1942-)
Esthetics and information integrity for graphics defined and illustrated (some concepts: "data-ink ratio'', "lie factor'')
Category: Statistics & Graphics
222
Authors: Daniel Asimov & John A. McDonald & Catherine Hurley & Andreas Buja (1951-)
First inclusion of grand tours in an interactive system that also has linked brushing, linked identification, visual inference from graphics, interactive scaling of plots, etc.
Category: Technology
223
Author: Ted Mihalisin (1940-)
Use of "nested dimensions'' (related to trellis and mosaic displays) for the visualization of multidimensional data. Continuous variables are binned, and variables are allocated to the horizontal and vertical dimensions in a nested fashion
Category: Statistics & Graphics
224
Authors: Stuart K. Card & Ramana Rao (1963-)
Table lens: Focus and context technique for viewing large tables; user can expand rows or columns to see the details, while keeping surrounding context
Category: Technology
225
Author: Jason Dykes
Cartographic Data Visualiser: a map visualization toolkit with graphical tools for viewing data, including a wide range of mapping options for exploratory spatial data analysis
Category: Technology
226
Author: Edward Tufte (1942-)
Sparklines: "data-intense, design-simple, word-sized graphics,'' designed to show graphic information inline with text and tables
Category: Statistics & Graphics
227
Author: Emmanuel de Martonne (1873-1955)
Use of ethnographic maps, showing the distribution of mixed nationalities, played an important role in redrawing national boundaries of Central Europe and the Balkans following World War I
Category: Cartography
228
Authors: Robert Spence (1933-) & Mark D. Apperley
An initial, modern suggestion of a method for viewing a large database by the use of selective focus around a central region, using distortion to provide a context.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
229
Authors: André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
Guerry's ordonnateur statistique is arguably the first mechanical device invented
to aid statistical calculation and the assessment of the relationship between
social and moral variables.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
230
Author: Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)
Ada Lovelace was known as the first programmer for her work in 1843 with Charles Babbage. She wrote a series of instructions for his proposed machanical computer.
Category: Technology
231
Author: Hadley Wickham (1979-)
An influential, open source implementation of the Grammar of Graphics from Wilkinson (1999) in R, together with other computational tools to make it easier to produce beautiful statistical diagrams
Category: Statistics & Graphics
232
Author: Unknown
Invention of lithographic technique for printing of maps and diagrams ("At the time the effect of lithography ... was as great as has been the introduction [of the Xerox machine]'' cite[p. 57]{Robinson:1982}) (published in several translations, 1818--19)
Category: Technology
233
Author: Baron Pierre Charles Dupin (1784-1873)
Choropleth map with shadings from black to white (distribution and intensity of illiteracy in France), the first (unclassed) choropleth map, and perhaps the first modern statistical map. (This map dates from 1826 cite[Plate 1, vol. 2]{Dupin:1827} according to Robinson cite[p. 232]{Robinson:1982}, rather than 1819 according to Funkhouser cite{Funkhouser:1937})
Category: Cartography
234
Authors: Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705) & Gregorio Fontana (1735-1803)
Development of the use of polar coordinates for the representation of functions. Newton's Method of Fluxions was written about 1671, but not published until 1736. Jacob Bernoulli published a derivation of the idea in 1691 attributes the development of polar coordinates to Fontana, with no date.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
235
Author: Gottfried Achenwall (1719-1772)
First use of the term "statistik.'' The word "statistics'' was first used by Zimmerman in 1787. (For the earlier use of "statist'', "statista'' and other terms, see cite{John:1883}.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
236
Authors: Rogerius Josephus Boscovich (1711-1787) & Johanes Tobias Mayer (1723-1762)
Beginnings of the estimation of $m$ unknown quantities from $n$ emipirical equations (where $n > m$), taking account of the possibility of errors in the observations (later supplanted by the method of least squares)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
237
Authors: Johanes Tobias Mayer (1723-1762) & Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777) & Moses Harris (1730-1785)
Diagrams developed to represent color systems. In 1758, Mayer developed a system of constructing and naming many of the possible colours. Lambert extended this with a 3D pyramid indicating "depth'' (saturation).
Category: Other
238
Author: Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)
First graph of isotherms, showing mean temperature around the world by latitude and longitude. Recognizing that temperature depends more on latitude and altitude, a subscripted graph shows the direct relation of temperature on these two variables
Category: Statistics & Graphics
239
Author: Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
Ogive or cumulative frequency curve, inhabitants of Paris by age groupings (shows the number of inhabitants of Paris per 10,000 in 1817 who were of a given age or over. The name "ogive'' is due to Galton.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
240
Author: John Arbuthnot (1667-1735)
First test of statistical significance based on deviation between observed data and a null hypothesis (used to show that the guiding hand of a devine being could be discerned in the nearly constant ratio of male to female births in London over 1629--1710)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
241
Author: John Graunt (1620-1674)
Founding of demographic statistics: Development of the idea that vital statistics (records of christenings and burials in London) could be used to construct life tables. The average life expectancy in London was 27 years, with 65\% dying by age 16
Category: Statistics & Graphics
242
Author: Nicole Oresme (1320-1382)
Proto-bar graph (of a theoretical function), and development of the logical relation between tabulating values, and graphing them (pre-dating Descartes). Oresme proposed the use of a graph for plotting a variable magnitude whose value depends on another, and, implicitly, the idea of a coordinate system
Category: Statistics & Graphics
243
Author: Guillaume Le Nautonier (1557-1620)
Tables, and first world map showing lines of geomagnetism (isogons), used in work on finding longitude by means of magnetic variation. The tables give the world distribution of the variation, by latitude, along each of the meridians
Category: Cartography
244
Author: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
The first astronomical pictures ever printed, from observations through a telescope, used to illustrate discoveries of craters on the moon, the 4 staelites of Jupiter and a vast number of stars never seen by unaided eyes
Category: Technology
245
Author: Athanasius Kirscher (1602-1680)
Invention of the first projection lantern (the magic lantern). [Images were painted on glass and projected on walls. Kirscher, a Jesuit priest, was the last recorded ordained priest openly to concern himself with optics. Henceforth, the art of projecting images was classified as an entertainment and curtailed.]
Category: Technology
246
Author: Anaximander of Miletus (610BC-546BC)
The first world map? (No extant copies, but described in books II and IV of Herodotus' "Histories'' (Robinson:1968)
Category: Cartography
247
Author: Unknown
Patent issued on logarithmic paper (reported to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1898). Also called "semi-log,'' "arith-log'' paper and "ratio charts''
Category: Technology
248
Authors: Émile Levasseur (1828-1911)
Comprehensive review of all available statistical graphics presented to the Statistical Society of London, classified as figures, maps, and solids (3D), perhaps the first mature attempt at a systematic classification of graphical forms
Category: Statistics & Graphics
249
Author: Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)
Graphic representation of a train schedule showing rate of travel along the route from Paris to Lyon. The method is attributed to the French engineer Ibry, but new evidence suggests that Lt. Sergeev had developed this method approximately 30 years earlier in Russia.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
250
Authors: Émile Cheysson (1836-1910)
First anamorphic maps, using a deformation of spatial size to show a quantitative variable (e.g., the decrease in time to travel from Paris to various places in France over 200 years)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
251
Authors: Auguste Lumière (1862-1954) & Louis Lumière (1864-1948)
First movie, with the cinématographe, using the principle of intermittent movement of film (16 fps), but producing smooth projection (first public film screening on December 28, 1895 at the Cafe Grand)
Category: Technology
252
Author: Emil Eugen Roesle (1875-1962)
First International Hygiene-Exhibition in Dresden, with 259 graphical-statistical figures of 35 national and international exhibitors and more than 5 million visitors. [Roesle also wrote publications which dealt with the structure of graphical-statistical displays cite{Roesle:1913}.]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
253
Authors: Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873-1967) & Henry Norris Russell (1877-1957)
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a log-log plot of luminosity as a function of temperature for stars, used to explain the changes as a star evolves. It provided an entirely new way to look at stars, and laid the groundwork for modern stellar physics and evolution, developed independently by
Category: Statistics & Graphics
254
Author: Frank Julian Warne (1874-1948)
Correspondence course in graphical methods (20 lessons for $50, supplemented by a book of 100 specimen illustrations of bar, curve, and circle diagrams; entended title includes "There's an idea in every chart'')
Category: Statistics & Graphics
255
Author: Leonard Porter Ayres (1879-1946)
Social statistical chartbook, containing a variety of graphic and semi-graphic displays in a USA Government report. [The image below is a fine early example of a semi-graphic display, showing four variables simultaneously.]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
256
Author: James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897)
The term "graph'' introduced, referring to diagrams showing analogies between the chemical bonds in molecules and graphical representations of mathematical invariants (also coined the term "matrix'')
Category: Statistics & Graphics
257
Author: Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903)
Graphical methods applied to explain fundamental relations in thermodynamics; this includes diagrams of entropy vs. temperature (where work or heat is proportional to area), and the first use of trilinear coordinates (graphs of (x,y,z) where x+y+z=constant)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
258
Author: Francis Amasa Walker (1840-1897)
Age pyramid (bilateral histogram), bilateral frequency polygon, and the use of subdivided squares to show the division of population by two variables jointly (an early mosaic display) in the first true U.S. national statistical atlas
Category: Statistics & Graphics
259
Authors: André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
The first comprehensive analysis of data on "moral statistics'' (crimes, suicide, literacy, etc.) shown on thematic unclassed choropleth maps; bar charts (of crime, by age groupings and months)
Category: Cartography
260
Author: Heinrich Berghaus (1797-1884)
Physical atlas of the distribution of plants, animals, climate, etc., one of the most extensive and detailed thematic atlases; most of the maps contained tables, graphs, pictorial profiles of distributions over altitude, and other visual accompanyments
Category: Cartography
261
Author: Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870)
"Tableau-graphique'' showing transportation of commercial traffic by variable-width (distance), divided bars (height $sim$ amount), area $sim$ cost of transport [An early form of the mosaic plot.]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
262
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
The modern weather map, a chart showing area of similar air pressure and barometric changes by means of glyphs displayed on a map. These led to the discovery of the anti-cyclonic movement of wind around low-pressure areas
Category: Cartography
263
Author: Hans Berger (1873-1941)
Electroencephalograph invented, to record electrical signals from the brain via galvanometers that measure electrical signals from electrodes on the scalp. EEGs were printed on multiple-pen, strip-chart recorders, with each channel showing the the amplitude from a given electrode.
Category: Technology
264
Author: Unknown
Lapse of interest in statistical graphics, as concern with formal, "precise'', and numerical methods gained ascendancy (the modern "dark ages'' of statistical graphics)cite{FriendlyDenis:2001:valois}.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
265
Authors: Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973) & Grace Hopper (1906-1992)
Harvard's Mark I, the first digital computer, put in service. Officially known as the "IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator'' (ASCC), the Mark I was 50 feet long and weighed about 5 tons.
Category: Technology
266
Author: Howard Taylor Fisher (1903-1979)
Initial development of geographic information systems, combining spatially-referenced data, spatial models and map-based visualization. Example: Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics (and Spatial Analysis) develops SYMAP, producing isoline, choropleth and proximal maps on a line printer
Category: Cartography
267
Author: Kuno Ruben Gabriel (1929-2003)
Development of the biplot, a method for visualizing both the observations and variables in a multivariate data set in a single display. Observations are typically represented by points, variables by vectors, such that the position of a point along a vector represents the data value
Category: Statistics & Graphics
268
Author: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1903-)
Color-coded bivariate matrix to represent two intervally measured variables in a single map (Urban Atlas series)[but see Georg von Mayr in 1874 cite[Fig. XIX]{vonMayr:1874} for first use]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
269
Authors: Jerome H. Friedman & John W. Tukey (1915-2000) & M. A. Fishkeller (1915-2000)
Start of true interactive graphics in statistics; PRIM-9, the first system in statistics with 3-D data rotations provided dynamic tools for projecting, rotating, isolating and masking multidimensional data in up to nine dimensions
Category: Statistics & Graphics
270
Author: Carol Newton (1925-)
Original invention of linked brushing (highlighting of observations selected in one display in another display of the same data), although in a manner different from how we see it in today's systems
Category: Statistics & Graphics
271
Authors: Richard A. Becker (1887-1955) & John M. Chambers
S, a language and environment for statistical computation and graphics. S (later sold as a commercial package, S-Plus; more recently, a public-domain implementation, R is widely available), would become a lingua franca for statistical computation and graphics
Category: Technology
272
Authors: John W. Tukey (1915-2000) & Paul A. Tukey
The "draftsman display'' for three-variables (leading soon to the "scatterplot matrix'') and initial ideas for conditional plots and sectioning (leading later to "coplots'' and "trellis displays'')
Category: Statistics & Graphics
273
Author: Mark Monmonier (1943-)
Visibiltiy Base Map, a map of the United States where areas are adjusted to provide a readily readable platform for area symbols for smaller states, such as Delaware and Rhode Island, with compensating reductions in the size of larger states
Category: Cartography
274
Author: Martin. I. Krzywinski (1971)
A circular diagram desgined to facilitate the analysis of relationship among categorical and other variables using chords of a circle with various visual attributes. The main application is to genomic structure, where the chords can encode various properties of genomic sequences.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
275
Author: Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827)
The central limit theorem explains why many distributions tend to be close to the normal distribution. The key ingredient is that the random variable being observed should be the sum or mean of many independent identically distributed random variables.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
276
Author: Mordecai J. B. Ezekial (1899-1974)
The essential idea behind what are now called partial residual plots are discussed in Ezekial's paper: "A method of handling curvilinear correlation for any number of variables". Later in history, this is rediscovered by Larsen and McCleary (1972).
Category: Statistics & Graphics
277
Author: Pilar Utrilla (Spain)
This palaeolithic map from 13 660 calBP is one of the oldest maps to date. The map is an engraved stone from the cave of Abauntz and it demonstrates actual surrounding landscape, including  mountains, rivers, and ponds. Routes or  avenues of access are also engraved.
Category: Cartography
278
Author: William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963)
At the Paris Exposition in 1900, W. E. B. Du Bois compiled an exhibit of hundreds of graphs and photographs depicting the history of Negroes in America, including over 60 statistical charts, graphs and maps.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
279
Authors: M. Fontaine (1900s) & Jacques Bertillon (1851-1922) & Émile Cheysson (1836-1910)
This work by Cheysson and Fontaine, reported by Bertillon, was the first proposal of standards for graphical presentation. The paper "Proposals to bring uniformity in the preparation of charts" discusses some key recommendations, including cautious use of symbols and hieroglyphs, and sparing use of comparison by areas. It is proposed that x and y scales be constructed so that the average behaviour corresponds to a curve of 45 degrees. Other attempts to formulate standards for graphical procedures at the International Statistical Congress are discussed in detail.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
280
Author: Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870)
Minard's flow map graphic of Napoleon's March on Moscow (called "the best graphic ever produced)
Category: Cartography
281
Author: Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg (1709-1779)
"Carte chronologique'': An annotated timeline of history (from Creation) on a 54-foot scroll, including names and descriptive events, grouped thematically, with symbols denoting character (martyr, tyrant, heretic, noble, upright, etc.) and profession (painter, theologian, musician, monk, etc.)
Category: Cartography
282
Author: William Smith (1769-1839)
The first large-scale geological map of England and Wales, setting the pattern for geological cartography, and founding stratigraphic geology. Recently called (hyperbolically) "the map that changed the world'' cite{Winchester:2001}. (Smith's map was first drawn in 1801, but the final version was not published until 1815.)
Category: Cartography
283
Authors: Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) & William Oughtred (1574-1660)
Invention of a mechanical device, containing a logarithmic scale of equal parts and trigonomic functions which, with the aid of a pair of calipers, could be used as a slide rule. This device, called "Gunter's scale,'' or the "gunter'' by seamen, was soon replaced by a true slide rule, containing two parallel logarithmic scales
Category: Technology
284
Author: Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)
The first known adding machine, a mechanical calculator called the "Calculating Clock.'' It could add and subtract up to six-digit numbers, based on the movement of six dented wheels geared through a "mutilated" wheel which with every full turn allowed the wheel located at the right to rotate 1/10th of a full turn
Category: Technology
285
Author: Unknown
The first route map ("carte routière''), showing the whole of the Roman world, a map from Vienna, through Italy, to Carthage; painted on parchment, 34 cm. high, by 7 m. in length. (Named the table of Peutinger, after a 16th century German collector.)
Category: Cartography
286
Author: Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (1887-1915)
Discovery of the concept of atomic number, based largely on graphical analysis (a plot of serial numbers of the elements vs. square root of frequencies from X-ray spectra) The linear relations showed that the periodic table was explained by atomic number rather than, as had been supposed, atomic weight, and predicted the existence of several yet-undiscovered elements
Category: Statistics & Graphics
287
Author: Henry Pickering Bowditch (1840-1911)
Extensive statistical study of 24,500 children to improve school practice; early ideas of correlation and regression by quoting the "measure of stoutness'', the ratio of annual increase in pounds weight to annual increase in inches height. Includes six charts, showing curvilinear regresions.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
288
Author: Joseph Nicephore Niepce (1765-1833)
First successful photograph produced (an 8-hour exposure). [A type of asphalt (bitumen of Judea) was coated on metal plates. After exposure it was washed in solvents, the light areas were shown by the bitumen, dark areas by bare metal. Exposed to iodine, the plate darkened in the shadowed areas.]
Category: Technology
289
Author: Vannevar Bush (1890-1974)
Description of a memex, an associative information retrieval system which would help someone find information based in association and context rather than strict categorical indexing; conceptual creation of "hyperlink'' and the ''World Wide Web''
Category: Technology
290
Author: Harry Harmon (1913-1976)
Development of an electro-mechanical machine to aid in the rotation of multidimensional factor analysis solutions to "simple structure.'' This allowed an analyst to carry out by direct manipulation of dials what one did by plotting pairs of factors, and hand calculation of the rotation matrices in earlier times [(work carried out under the Adjutant General for development of the Armed Forces General Classification Test) cite{Tucker:2002}]
Category: Technology
291
Author: Jim Flanagan
Tag clouds (also known as "word clouds") are visually stimulating summaries of large bodies of text.  Their purpose is to take a selection of text and visually display the frequency of the most commonly used words within that document.  These are useful for qualitative analyses by highlighting major themes found in particular works of interest.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
292
Author: John Frederick W. Herschel (1792-1871)
Fitting a smoothed curve to a scatterplot, advocacy of graph paper and graphical methods as standard tools of science. ["The process by which I propose to accomplish this is one essentially graphical; by which term I understand not a mere substitution of geometrical construction and measurement for numerical calculation, but one which has for its object to perform that which no system of calculation can possibly do, by bringing in the aid of the eye and hand to guide the judgment, in a case where judgment only, and not calculation, can be of any avail.'' (p. 178)]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
293
Author: Joseph Stummer
Visual representation and data visualization of the history of the Emperor Ferdinand Northern railway from the beginning of the operation on the 6th. of January 1838 to the end of the year 1853. There are 2 years on every sheet, the horizontal scale is the timeline with the major events of the company like the opening of a new part of the track. There is a map of the rail network on every sheet for every year. The vertical scale are the revenues, from the bottom to the top income with passengers, from the top to the bottom income for transport of goods. In the lower right of every year you can see the number of locomotives, close to the center the number of the different wagons:1st class, 2nd class, 3rd class and freight wagons. As a data visualization this is very unusual in the amount of different kinds of data mixed together on one chart, over time. It is also very early for such an ambitious effort.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
294
Authors: Maurice d' Ocagne (1862-1938)
The first alignment diagrams, using sets of parallel axes, rather than axes at right angles; development of the essential ideas used in parallel coordinates plots. [Using the principle of duality from projective geometry, d'Ocagne (1885) showed that a point on a graph with Cartesian coordinates transformed into a line on an alignment chart, that a line transformed into a point, and, finally, that a family of lines or a surface transformed into a single line cite(Hankins:1999)]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
295
Author: Edward Walter Maunder (1851-1928)
Use of the "butterfly diagram'' to study the variation of sunspots over time, leading to the discovery that they were markedly reduced in frequency from 1645--1715 (the "Maunder minimum''). [Earlier work, started in 1843 by H. Schwabe, showed that sunspots exhibit an approximately twenty-two year cycle, with each eleven-year cycle of sunspots followed by a reversal of the direction of the sun's magnetic field]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
296
Authors: Émile Cheysson (1836-1910) & Ministere de Travaux Publics (1830-1870)
Album de Statistique Graphique, an annual series over 20 years, using all known graphic forms (map-based pies and stars, mosaic, line graphs, bar charts, and, of course, numerous flow maps) to depict data relevant to planning (railways, canals, ports, tramways, etc.) [This series, under the direction of Émile Cheysson, is regarded as the epitome of the "Golden Age of Statistical Graphics'']
Category: Statistics & Graphics
297
Author: Arthur L. Bowley (1869-1957)
In one of the first statistical textbooks, Arthur Bowley (1901) illustrated an arithmetic and graphical analysis of time-series data using the total value of British and Irish exports from 1855-1899.  He presented a line graph of the time-series data, supplemented by overlaid line graphs of 3-, 5- and 10-year moving averages.  His goal was to show that while the initial series showed wide variability, moving averages made the series progressively smoother.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
298
Author: Unknown
The Antikythera Mechanism is a unique Greek geared device, constructed around the end of the second century bc. It is known that it calculated and displayed celestial information, particularly cycles such as the phases of the moon and a luni-solar calendar.
Category: Technology